ACETAL (POM)
Acetal - Delrin Black
Typical Usage: Delrin Black is widely used in applications requiring high stiffness, low friction, and excellent dimensional stability. Commonly found in automotive components, industrial gears, conveyor belts, and consumer electronics.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~65 MPa
Flexural Modulus: ~2,700 MPa
Hardness: Rockwell M80
Density: 1.41 g/cm³
Strength: Excellent impact resistance, low moisture absorption, and good fatigue resistance make it ideal for mechanical and structural components.
Acetal - Delrin White
Typical Usage: Delrin White is ideal for food-grade applications due to its cleanliness and low moisture absorption. Frequently used in kitchen appliances, medical devices, and precision mechanical parts.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~70 MPa
Flexural Modulus: ~2,900 MPa
Hardness: Rockwell M80
Density: 1.41 g/cm³
Strength: Offers a high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent machinability, and good chemical resistance.
Acetal - ESD
Typical Usage: ESD Acetal is designed for applications that require electrostatic discharge protection, such as electronics manufacturing, cleanrooms, and semiconductor components.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~60 MPa
Flexural Modulus: ~2,500 MPa
Hardness: Rockwell M78
Density: 1.42 g/cm³
Strength: Combines excellent dimensional stability with ESD protection and low friction.
ALUMINUM
Aluminum - AL 2007
Typical Usage: This grade is commonly used in aerospace components, automotive parts, and industrial machinery due to its machinability and strength.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~370 MPa
Yield Strength: ~250 MPa
Hardness: Brinell 110 HB
Density: 2.85 g/cm³
Strength: Offers high strength and excellent machinability, suitable for complex precision parts.
Aluminum - AL 2014
Typical Usage: Known for its high strength and fatigue resistance, AL 2014 is frequently used in aerospace structures, military applications, and high-performance automotive components.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~440 MPa
Yield Strength: ~280 MPa
Hardness: Brinell 120 HB
Density: 2.80 g/cm³
Strength: Superior fatigue resistance with excellent weldability and corrosion resistance.
Aluminum - AL 2024
Typical Usage: Primarily utilized in aerospace engineering for wing and fuselage structures, as well as in transportation and marine industries.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~470 MPa
Yield Strength: ~320 MPa
Hardness: Brinell 120 HB
Density: 2.78 g/cm³
Strength: High strength-to-weight ratio with good fatigue resistance but lower corrosion resistance.
Aluminum - AL 5052
Typical Usage: Popular in marine applications, chemical tanks, and automotive fuel tanks due to its excellent corrosion resistance and weldability.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~280 MPa
Yield Strength: ~210 MPa
Hardness: Brinell 60 HB
Density: 2.68 g/cm³
Strength: Outstanding corrosion resistance with moderate strength.
Aluminum - AL 6061
Typical Usage: Widely used for structural components, transportation, and recreational products like bicycles due to its versatility.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~310 MPa
Yield Strength: ~275 MPa
Hardness: Brinell 95 HB
Density: 2.70 g/cm³
Strength: High corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical properties for general-purpose applications.
Aluminum - AL 6061-T6
Typical Usage: Commonly used in aerospace, automotive, and construction due to its high strength and machinability.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~310 MPa
Yield Strength: ~275 MPa
Hardness: Brinell 95 HB
Density: 2.70 g/cm³
Strength: Superior strength with good weldability and corrosion resistance.
Aluminum - AL 7075
Typical Usage: Known for its high strength, AL 7075 is used in aerospace applications, military-grade components, and high-performance bicycles.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~570 MPa
Yield Strength: ~500 MPa
Hardness: Brinell 150 HB
Density: 2.81 g/cm³
Strength: Excellent fatigue resistance and strength, suitable for critical applications.
BRASS
Brass - C360
Typical Usage: Widely used in plumbing fittings, electrical connectors, and decorative hardware.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~450 MPa
Yield Strength: ~360 MPa
Hardness: Brinell 60 HB
Density: 8.50 g/cm³
Strength: Excellent machinability and corrosion resistance.
Brass - C464
Typical Usage: Known for its corrosion resistance, it is commonly used in marine hardware, pumps, and valve components.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~500 MPa
Yield Strength: ~350 MPa
Hardness: Brinell 70 HB
Density: 8.50 g/cm³
Strength: High corrosion resistance with moderate strength.
COPPER
Copper - C101
Typical Usage: Primarily used in electrical applications, such as wiring, busbars, and connectors, due to its excellent conductivity.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~220 MPa
Yield Strength: ~150 MPa
Hardness: Brinell 50 HB
Density: 8.96 g/cm³
Strength: Exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity with moderate strength.
Copper - C110
Typical Usage: Commonly found in roofing, plumbing, and industrial machinery due to its malleability and corrosion resistance.
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: ~250 MPa
Yield Strength: ~170 MPa
Hardness: Brinell 55 HB
Density: 8.94 g/cm³
Strength: Combines excellent malleability and corrosion resistance.
Copper Tungsten
50% Cu, 50% W
Typical Usage: Used in electrical contacts and heat sinks.
Mechanical Properties: Combines high thermal conductivity of copper with wear resistance of tungsten.
Density: Approximately 14.5 g/cm³.
Strength: High thermal and electrical conductivity with wear resistance.
CARBIDE
Carbide CD-337
Typical Usage: Widely used in cutting tools, wear parts, and dies due to its exceptional hardness and wear resistance.
Mechanical Properties: High hardness and toughness with excellent thermal resistance.
Density: Approximately 14.5 g/cm³.
Strength: Exceptional compressive strength, typically above 3000 MPa.
Carbide K20
Typical Usage: Ideal for machining non-ferrous metals and cast iron, as well as for wear-resistant components.
Mechanical Properties: High hardness and moderate toughness, with excellent corrosion resistance.
Density: 14.3 g/cm³.
Strength: High wear resistance with compressive strength exceeding 3000 MPa.
Carbide K40
Typical Usage: Preferred in heavy-duty cutting tools and mining tools.
Mechanical Properties: Enhanced toughness and resistance to thermal shock.
Density: 14.6 g/cm³.
Strength: High compressive strength, above 3200 MPa.
Carbide TSM33
Typical Usage: Used in high-performance cutting and drilling applications.
Mechanical Properties: Combines high hardness with superior thermal stability.
Density: Approximately 14.7 g/cm³.
Strength: Compressive strength of around 3100 MPa.
INCONEL
Inconel 600
Typical Usage: Used in heat exchangers, chemical processing, and high-temperature environments.
Mechanical Properties: Excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance.
Density: 8.47 g/cm³.
Strength: Tensile strength of 550 MPa at room temperature.
Inconel 601
Typical Usage: Ideal for furnace components and thermal processing.
Mechanical Properties: Superior oxidation resistance at high temperatures.
Density: 8.11 g/cm³.
Strength: Tensile strength of 610 MPa.
Inconel 625
Typical Usage: Used in aerospace and marine applications.
Mechanical Properties: High strength and corrosion resistance.
Density: 8.44 g/cm³.
Strength: Tensile strength of 690 MPa.
Inconel 718
Typical Usage: Preferred for turbine engines and high-strength components.
Mechanical Properties: Excellent creep and rupture strength.
Density: 8.19 g/cm³.
Strength: Tensile strength of 1030 MPa.
Inconel X750
Typical Usage: Used in gas turbines and high-stress applications.
Mechanical Properties: High-temperature strength and resistance to stress corrosion cracking.
Density: 8.28 g/cm³.
Strength: Tensile strength of 825 MPa.
INVAR
Invar 36
Typical Usage: Precision instruments and aerospace applications.
Mechanical Properties: Low thermal expansion with good machinability.
Density: 8.1 g/cm³.
Strength: Tensile strength of 490 MPa.
Invar 42
Typical Usage: Electronics and glass-to-metal sealing.
Mechanical Properties: Low thermal expansion with excellent dimensional stability.
Density: 8.2 g/cm³.
Strength: Tensile strength of 510 MPa.
POLYCARBONATE
Polycarbonate Clear
Typical Usage: Used in lenses, protective shields, and glazing applications.
Mechanical Properties: High impact resistance with good optical clarity.
Density: 1.2 g/cm³.
Strength: Tensile strength of 70 MPa.
PVC
PVC
Typical Usage: Plumbing and electrical conduit applications.
Mechanical Properties: High corrosion resistance and good flexibility.
Density: 1.4 g/cm³.
Strength: Tensile strength of 50 MPa.
STAINLESS STEEL
SS 1.4301 / 304
Typical Usage: Commonly used in kitchen equipment, chemical processing, automotive trim, and architectural applications.
Mechanical Properties: High corrosion resistance, good formability, and excellent weldability.
Density: ~8.00 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 500-700 MPa
Yield Strength: 215 MPa
Applications: Food-grade applications, sinks, pipes, and storage tanks.
SS 1.4303 / 305
Typical Usage: High-formability applications such as deep-drawn parts.
Mechanical Properties: Excellent corrosion resistance, higher nickel content for improved formability.
Density: ~8.00 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 480-620 MPa
Yield Strength: 205 MPa
Applications: Kitchen utensils, decorative trim, and deep-drawn components.
SS 1.4305 / 303
Typical Usage: Parts requiring extensive machining.
Mechanical Properties: High machinability due to added sulfur, moderate corrosion resistance.
Density: ~7.98 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 540-700 MPa
Yield Strength: 190 MPa
Applications: Screws, bolts, and fittings.
SS 1.4306 / 304L
Typical Usage: Welded parts requiring high corrosion resistance.
Mechanical Properties: Low carbon for minimized carbide precipitation during welding.
Density: ~8.00 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 480-620 MPa
Yield Strength: 175 MPa
Applications: Chemical and pharmaceutical equipment.
SS 1.431 / 301
Typical Usage: High-strength and flexible components.
Mechanical Properties: High tensile strength, excellent corrosion resistance, suitable for cold working.
Density: ~7.95 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 930 MPa (fully hardened)
Yield Strength: 360 MPa
Applications: Springs, structural components, and railway carriages.
SS 1.4318 / 301LN
Typical Usage: Structural applications requiring high strength and toughness.
Mechanical Properties: Enhanced by nitrogen content, good weldability, high strength.
Density: ~7.95 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 950 MPa
Yield Strength: 350 MPa
Applications: Industrial components, automotive parts, and structural frameworks.
SS 1.4401 / 316
Typical Usage: Marine environments and chemical processing.
Mechanical Properties: Molybdenum improves corrosion resistance against chlorides.
Density: ~7.98 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 515 MPa
Yield Strength: 205 MPa
Applications: Marine fittings, pumps, and heat exchangers.
SS 1.4404 / 316L
Typical Usage: Welded components in corrosive environments.
Mechanical Properties: Low carbon reduces risk of intergranular corrosion during welding.
Density: ~7.98 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 485 MPa
Yield Strength: 170 MPa
Applications: Pharmaceutical equipment, chemical tanks, and piping.
SS 1.4571 / 316Ti
Typical Usage: High-temperature and corrosive environments.
Mechanical Properties: Titanium stabilizes structure, enhancing high-temperature performance.
Density: ~7.98 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 500-700 MPa
Yield Strength: 210 MPa
Applications: Industrial boilers, heat exchangers, and chemical processing equipment.
SS 1.4948 / 304H
Typical Usage: High-temperature applications.
Mechanical Properties: Higher carbon content enhances strength at elevated temperatures.
Density: ~8.00 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 515 MPa
Yield Strength: 240 MPa
Applications: Steam piping, heat exchangers, and boilers.
SS 15-5
Typical Usage: Aerospace and structural applications.
Mechanical Properties: Precipitation-hardened for excellent strength and toughness.
Density: ~7.80 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 1170 MPa
Yield Strength: 1050 MPa
Applications: Aerospace components, fasteners, and fittings.
SS 17-4 (Grade 631)
Typical Usage: Aerospace, chemical, and petrochemical industries.
Mechanical Properties: Precipitation-hardened, high strength, good corrosion resistance.
Density: ~7.75 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 1180 MPa
Yield Strength: 1035 MPa
Applications: Shafts, valves, and surgical instruments.
SS 2205
Typical Usage: Highly corrosive environments.
Mechanical Properties: Duplex stainless steel with excellent corrosion and strength properties.
Density: ~7.80 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 620 MPa
Yield Strength: 450 MPa
Applications: Chemical tanks, offshore platforms, and desalination plants.
SS 2207
Typical Usage: Extreme corrosion resistance requirements.
Mechanical Properties: Super duplex steel with high strength and corrosion resistance.
Density: ~7.85 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 795 MPa
Yield Strength: 550 MPa
Applications: Oil and gas, chemical processing, and heat exchangers.
SS 410
Typical Usage: Cutlery, fasteners, and valves.
Mechanical Properties: Good corrosion resistance, high hardness, and wear resistance.
Density: ~7.75 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 480-620 MPa
Yield Strength: 275 MPa
Applications: Cutlery, surgical instruments, and pumps.
SS 416
Typical Usage: Components requiring machinability.
Mechanical Properties: Added sulfur improves machinability, moderate corrosion resistance.
Density: ~7.70 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 520 MPa
Yield Strength: 275 MPa
Applications: Shafts, gears, and valves.
SS 420
Typical Usage: Surgical and cutting tools.
Mechanical Properties: High hardness, moderate corrosion resistance.
Density: ~7.74 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 500 MPa
Yield Strength: 275 MPa
Applications: Surgical instruments, scissors, and knives.
SS 430
Typical Usage: Decorative and structural applications.
Mechanical Properties: Non-hardenable, good corrosion resistance.
Density: ~7.70 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 450 MPa
Yield Strength: 205 MPa
Applications: Automotive trim, appliances, and architectural panels.
SS 440
Typical Usage: High-wear applications.
Mechanical Properties: Excellent hardness and strength.
Density: ~7.75 g/cm³
Tensile Strength: 760 MPa
Yield Strength: 450 MPa
Applications: Bearings, tools, and high-strength applications.
Stavax ESR
Overview: Stavax ESR is a premium-grade stainless tool steel produced using the Electro-Slag Refining (ESR) process, which ensures a very clean steel with low sulfur content and non-metallic inclusions. It is characterized by good corrosion resistance, excellent polishability, good wear resistance, and good machinability.
Typical Applications:
Plastic molding tools, especially for corrosive materials like PVC and acetates.
Molds subjected to humid working or storage conditions.
Production of optical parts such as camera and sunglasses lenses.
Medical containers like syringes and analysis vials.
Mechanical Properties:
Hardness (HRC): 45–52
Tensile Strength (Rm): Approximately 1,780 N/mm² at 50 HRC
Yield Point (Rp0.2): Approximately 1,360 N/mm² at 50 HRC
Density:
7,800 kg/m³ at 20°C (68°F)
Strength:
Corrosion Resistance: 70%
Wear Resistance: 50%
Polishability: 90%
Toughness: 50%
Note: The percentages indicate relative performance characteristics as provided by the manufacturer.
STEEL
ASTM A570 Grade 36
Overview: ASTM A570 Grade 36 is a hot-rolled carbon steel sheet and strip of structural quality. This material is intended for structural purposes where mechanical test values are required and is available in a maximum thickness of 0.229 inches (6.0 mm).
Typical Applications:
Structural components in buildings and bridges.
General fabrication where high strength is required.
Mechanical Properties:
Yield Strength: 36 ksi (250 MPa)
Tensile Strength: 53 ksi (365 MPa)
Density:
7,800 kg/m³
Strength:
Ultimate Strength: 365 MPa
Yield Strength: 250 MPa
Note: The mechanical properties are specified for structural applications.
AISI 1018 / 1.1147 / C18
Overview: AISI 1018 is a low-carbon steel known for its good balance of toughness, strength, and ductility. It offers good weldability and machinability, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.
Typical Applications:
Shafts and spindles.
Pins and rods.
Machinery parts requiring high surface finish.
Mechanical Properties:
Yield Strength: Approximately 370 MPa
Tensile Strength: Approximately 440 MPa
Elongation: 15–20%
Density:
7,870 kg/m³
Strength:
Ultimate Strength: 440 MPa
Yield Strength: 370 MPa
Note: Values may vary slightly based on specific processing and treatment.
AISI 1040 / 1.0511 / C40
Overview: AISI 1040 is a medium-carbon steel offering good strength and hardness. It is commonly used in applications where higher strength is required compared to low-carbon steels.
Typical Applications:
Automotive components like axles and crankshafts.
Forged parts requiring strength and toughness.
Mechanical Properties:
Yield Strength: Approximately 415 MPa
Tensile Strength: Approximately 620 MPa
Elongation: 10–15%
Density:
7,850 kg/m³
Strength:
Ultimate Strength: 620 MPa
Yield Strength: 415 MPa
Note: Mechanical properties can be enhanced through heat treatment.
AISI 1045 / 1.0503 / C45 / S45C
Overview: AISI 1045 is a medium-carbon steel known for its good strength and hardness. It is widely used in applications requiring higher strength than low-carbon steels.
Typical Applications:
Gears and shafts.
Bolts and studs.
Machine parts requiring high strength.
Mechanical Properties:
Yield Strength: Approximately 450 MPa
Tensile Strength: Approximately 620 MPa
Elongation: 14–17%
Density:
7,850 kg/m³
Strength:
Ultimate Strength: 620 MPa
Yield Strength: 450 MPa
Note: Properties can be improved with heat treatment.
AISI 4130 / 1.7218
Overview: AISI 4130 is a low-alloy steel containing chromium and molybdenum as strengthening agents. It is commonly referred to as 25CrMo4 in European standards.
Typical Applications:
Aerospace components (landing gear, engine mounts)
Automotive parts (axles, shafts)
Pressure vessels and piping
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: 560-780 MPa
Yield Strength: 435 MPa
Hardness: 150-200 HB
Density: 7.85 g/cm³
Strength: This material offers excellent toughness and good fatigue strength. It is easily weldable and can be heat-treated for improved properties.
AISI 4140 / 1.7225
Overview: AISI 4140 is a versatile alloy steel known for its toughness and resistance to wear. The European equivalent is 42CrMo4.
Typical Applications:
Gears and shafts
Crankshafts
Bolts and high-strength fasteners
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: 655-860 MPa
Yield Strength: 415-660 MPa
Hardness: 197-255 HB (annealed condition)
Density: 7.85 g/cm³
Strength: AISI 4140 provides high fatigue strength, wear resistance, and excellent machinability after heat treatment.
AISI 5115 / 1.7131
Overview: AISI 5115 is a case-hardening steel suitable for components requiring surface wear resistance while retaining core toughness.
Typical Applications:
Gears
Camshafts
Automotive transmission components
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: 600-800 MPa (core)
Hardness: 62 HRC (case-hardened)
Density: 7.85 g/cm³
Strength: Its low-carbon composition makes it suitable for carburizing and subsequent hardening.
ASTM A36 / 1.025 / A36
Overview: ASTM A36 is a common structural steel grade used in a wide range of applications.
Typical Applications:
Structural frames and beams
Bridges
General construction projects
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: 400-550 MPa
Yield Strength: 250 MPa
Hardness: 119 HB
Density: 7.85 g/cm³
Strength: Its excellent weldability and machinability make it a go-to material for structural applications.
ASTM A570 / A529 / 1.0044 / S275JR
Overview: This is a low-alloy structural steel grade offering good strength and ductility.
Typical Applications:
Construction equipment
Tanks and vessels
Structural components
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: 485 MPa
Yield Strength: 275 MPa
Density: 7.85 g/cm³
Strength: Ideal for structural applications requiring moderate strength and good toughness.
ASTM A572 Grade 50 / 1.0577 / S355J2
Overview: ASTM A572 Grade 50 is a high-strength, low-alloy steel that offers improved weldability and durability.
Typical Applications:
Bridges and buildings
Structural components
Construction equipment
Mechanical Properties:
Tensile Strength: 450-600 MPa
Yield Strength: 345 MPa
Density: 7.85 g/cm³
Strength: Its high strength-to-weight ratio makes it ideal for heavy-load applications.
TOOL STEEL
Tool Steel 1.2363 / A-2 / (X100CrMoV5) / SKD12
Overview: 1.2363 is an air-hardening tool steel with excellent wear resistance and toughness.
Typical Applications:
Punches and dies
Shear blades
Cutting tools
Mechanical Properties:
Hardness: 58-62 HRC
Toughness: High
Density: 7.7 g/cm³
Strength: Provides dimensional stability during heat treatment and long tool life.
Tool Steel 1.2365 / H10 / (X32CrMoV3-3)
Overview: 1.2365 is a hot-work tool steel with excellent thermal fatigue resistance.
Typical Applications:
Die casting dies
Forging tools
Extrusion dies
Mechanical Properties:
Hardness: 46-52 HRC
Toughness: High
Density: 7.75 g/cm³
Strength: Ideal for high-temperature applications requiring thermal stability.
Tool Steel 1.2379 / D-2 / (X153CrMoV12) / SKD11
Overview: 1.2379 is a high-carbon, high-chromium tool steel known for its wear resistance and edge retention.
Typical Applications:
Stamping dies
Knives and cutting tools
Plastic molds
Mechanical Properties:
Hardness: 58-64 HRC
Toughness: Medium
Density: 7.7 g/cm³
Strength: Its high wear resistance is suitable for abrasive environments.
Tool Steel 1.2842 / 90MnCrV8 / O2
Overview: 1.2842 is an oil-hardening tool steel with good dimensional stability.
Typical Applications:
Cutting tools
Gauges
Dies
Mechanical Properties:
Hardness: 58-62 HRC
Toughness: High
Density: 7.85 g/cm³
Strength: Offers excellent machinability and good wear resistance.
Tool Steel ASP23
Overview: ASP23 is a high-speed powder metallurgy steel with excellent wear resistance and toughness.
Typical Applications:
Punching and stamping tools
Cutting tools
Industrial knives
Mechanical Properties:
Hardness: 60-67 HRC
Toughness: High
Density: 7.8 g/cm³
Strength: The powder metallurgy process ensures uniform structure, leading to exceptional tool life and reliability.
End of Article